Rebecca Skelton ’18 and Chelsea Dandridge ’17 have been playing with food lately.
In a lab in Chichester, they’re smashing eggs, squishing Cheetos Puffs, soaking popcorn in water and stretching Twizzlers, pretzels and pizza slices. Frivolous college hijinks? Nope, this is research, and what they’re doing may one day be part of the undergraduate physics curriculum.
Skelton and Dandridge are devising and conducting experiments in which they’re studying the various properties and behaviors of common objects, many of them food items. They’re producing written and video materials that they hope will be used in labs and homework assignments. The goal is to teach and explore the study of motion, called classical mechanics, in an interdisciplinary and engaging way.
"We’re coming up with fun, interactive labs and activities," said Skelton, a physics major from Jetersville.
Many of the experiments involve objects falling or colliding with other objects. Skelton has been dropping variously cooked eggs—raw, boiled and soaked in vinegar for two or three days, which makes them rubbery—from different heights to study the eggs’ velocities and momentum, as well as whether the collisions are elastic or inelastic.
"I’ll try things, and sometimes they don’t work, and I have to try other things. For example, when I was working with pretzels, I had to use duct tape and clamps, and wrap a string around them. I’ve had to be creative."
Chelsea Dandridge ’17
"Rubbery eggs are so much fun," said Skelton, who has gone through two dozen eggs and has the "egg splatter" on her clothes to prove it. "They bounce when dropped from short distances but splatter at higher distances. It turns out the splatter from rubbery eggs flies farther than raw eggs, since rubbery eggs don’t have a hard outer shell, and part of the explosion is pushed upward during impact by the elasticity of the rubbery membrane. That surprised me more than anything else at first, but it makes sense."
She also has become an expert on popcorn. "We’re trying to see how long you have to soak popcorn in water so that it won’t pop," said Skelton, who has popped and measured 90 individual kernels. "If it’s soaked in water for two hours, it will still pop but will produce smaller puffs. Too much moisture—and not enough—are not good for popping. Most kernels are 12-14 percent water."
Dandridge, a physics major from Farmville, has come up with experiments involving maple seeds, Twizzlers, Cheetos puffs, pretzel sticks and other items. "I’ve been learning applications for the concepts I already know, which is interesting," she said. Some of those concepts include Hooke’s law, Euler beam theory, drag forces and rotational motion.
"Rebecca and I brainstorm and bounce ideas [for experiments] off each other," said Dandridge. "One of us will say, ‘Does this sound right?’ I’ll try things, and sometimes they don’t work, and I have to try other things. For example, when I was working with pretzels, I had to use duct tape and clamps, and wrap a string around them. I’ve had to be creative."
Some of the experiments are being videotaped with a high-speed Sony digital camera at about 1,000 frames per second, which is yielding slow-motion videos that will be posted on YouTube. The students are writing handouts that explain each of their experiments.
The project in the PRISM program is part of an effort by Dr. Kenneth Pestka II, the faculty mentor, to improve physics instruction by connecting various concepts in classical mechanics. "The emphasis in this approach is on utilizing familiar, everyday materials. Many of our results are quite surprising," he said.
Skelton, who is in the dual-degree engineering program, plans to research prosthetics after earning a physics degree from Longwood, then an engineering degree from Virginia Tech. Dandridge plans to study physics or engineering in graduate school.
"These are two very talented and motivated students with a great work ethic. I couldn’t have asked for two better students," said Pestka, assistant professor of physics.
Check out some Classical Mechanics with Everyday Objects footage from this project:
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